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Taxon:  Avicennia germinans (L.) L.



Summary
Genus:
Avicennia
Family:
Acanthaceae
Subfamily:
Avicennioideae
Nomen number:
70116
Place of publication:
Sp. pl. ed. 3, 2:891. 1764
Verified:
03/09/1995 ARS Systematic Botanists.
Accessions:
0 (0  active, 0  available) in National Plant Germplasm System. 
Other conspecific taxa
Autonyms (not in current use), synonyms and invalid designations
Basionym
Bontia germinans L.

Heterotypic Synonym(s)
Avicennia africana P. Beauv.
Avicennia nitida Jacq.
No images
Reference(s)
  1. Adams, C. Flowering plants of Jamaica. 1972
  2. Aubréville, A. et al., eds. Flore du Cameroun. 1963-
  3. Aubréville, A. et al., eds. Flore du Gabon. 1961-
  4. Brako, L. & J. L. Zarucchi. Catalogue of the flowering plants and gymnosperms of Peru. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 45. 1993
  5. Brunel, J. F. et al., eds. Flore analytique du Togo. Phanerogames. 1984
  6. Compere, P. 1963. The correct name of the Afro-American black mangrove. Taxon 12:150-152. Note: discusses nomenclature and authorship
  7. Dodd, R. S. et al. 2000. Evolutionary divergence in the pan-Atlantic mangrove Avicennia germinans. New Phytol. 145:115-125. Note: Old & New World representatives are distinct
  8. Englert, J. M. et al. USDA-NRCS Improved conservation plant materials released by NRCS and cooperators. 1999-
  9. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 2010. Ecocrop (on-line resource). Note: http://ecocrop.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropListDetails?code=&relation=beginsWith&name=Avicennia+germinans&quantity=1
  10. Gómez-Pompa, A. & V. Sosa, eds. Flora de Veracruz. 1978- http://www.ecologia.edu.mx/publicaciones/flover.htm
  11. Görts-van Rijn, A. R. A., ed. Flora of the Guianas. 1986- Note: lists as A. germinans (L.) Stearn
  12. Gillis, W. T. 1974. Name changes for the seed plants in the Bahama flora. Rhodora 76:113.
  13. Howard, R. Flora of the lesser Antilles. 1974-1989
  14. Keay, R. W. J. Trees of Nigeria. 1989
  15. Little, E. L. Jr. 1961. Avicennia nitida (Nomenclature). Phytologia 8:49. Note: lists as A. germinans L.; = A. nitida Jacq.
  16. Standley, P. C. & J. A. Steyermark. Flora of Guatemala. 1946-1976
  17. Stearn, W. T. 1958. A key to West Indian mangroves. Kew Bull. 13:33-37. Note: lists as A. germinans (L.) Stearn
  18. Uphof, J. C. T. Dictionary of economic plants, ed. 2. 1968 Note: = A. nitida Jacq.
  19. Woodson, R. E. & R. W. Schery, eds. Flora of Panama. 1943-1980
Common names
English
black mangrove –
Spanish
mangle –
mangle negro –
Distribution
Native
Africa
  • WEST TROPICAL AFRICA: Côte D'Ivoire (s.), Ghana (s.), Guinea (s.), Gambia (w.), Guinea-Bissau (w.), Mauritania (w.), Nigeria (s.), Senegal (w.), Sierra Leone (s.), Togo (s.)
  • WEST-CENTRAL TROPICAL AFRICA: Cameroon (w.), Gabon (w.), Equatorial Guinea, Sao Tome and Principe, Zaire (w.)
Northern America
  • REGION: Mexico (coasts)
  • SOUTH-CENTRAL U.S.A.: United States [Texas]
  • SOUTHEASTERN U.S.A.: United States [Florida]
Southern America
  • BRAZIL: Brazil (n. & e.)
  • CARIBBEAN: Hispaniola, Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Bermuda, Cuba, Guadeloupe, Grenada, Jamaica, St. Kitts and Nevis, Montserrat, Martinique, Puerto Rico, St. Vincent and Grenadines
  • MESOAMERICA: Belize, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, El Salvador
  • NORTHERN SOUTH AMERICA: French Guiana (n.), Guyana (n.), Suriname (n.), Venezuela (n.)
  • WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA: Colombia (n. & w.), Ecuador (w.), Peru [Tumbes]
Economic Uses
Materials


NGBT Plant Germplasm System Distribution Policy

Plant germplasm is distributed to scientists, educators, producers and other bona fide research and education entities from National genebank of Tunisia active collection sites. The NGBT Curator and/or Research Leader will, in accordance with current NPGS policies and procedures, determine the legitimacy of a request when necessary.

Distributions to fulfill requests for repatriation of subsamples of germplasm collections to a country or community of origin, especially following natural or man-made catastrophes, are considered a high priority.

Although distributions for research, education, and repatriation are of the highest priority, the NPGS also encourages various seed-saver organizations and public gardens to conduct germplasm conservation activities that engage many individuals and groups throughout the country. Elements of the NPGS cooperate with seed-saver organizations and public gardens and may store germplasm for and distribute germplasm to such organizations.

Distribution of germplasm from NPGS collections to fulfill requests from individuals seeking free germplasm strictly for home use is generally considered an inappropriate use of limited resources and conflicts with U.S. Government policy of not competing with commercial enterprises. Requestors can be asked, in an appropriate manner, to justify the use of specific NPGS germplasm instead of suitable commercially available germplasm.

Accessions listed in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) database as “not available” due to insufficient or low viability seed and/or scheduled for regeneration will generally not be available for distribution.

Other accessions are listed in GRIN as “not available” because they are not a part of the NPGS collection per se, but are conserved in NPGS genebanks to meet specific needs as described later in the section entitled “Categories of Germplasm Distributed and Availability.” In this category are certain accessions of improved germplasm that are only available from the owner/developer. Other accessions require that specific conditions be met by the requestor before distribution is possible.

NPGS sites will not distribute germplasm internationally when they cannot comply with the importation or quarantine requirements of the recipient country unless the requestor can provide a valid waiver of such requirements.