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Taxon:  Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D. A. Webb



Summary
Genus:
Prunus
Subgenus:
Amygdalus
Family:
Rosaceae
Subfamily:
Amygdaloideae
Tribe:
Amygdaleae
Nomen number:
29890
Place of publication:
Feddes Repert. 74:24. 1967
Verified:
04/12/2011 ARS Systematic Botanists.
Accessions:
111 (111  active, 0  available) in National Plant Germplasm System.  (Map it)
Other conspecific taxa
Autonyms (not in current use), synonyms and invalid designations
Basionym
Amygdalus dulcis Mill.

Heterotypic Synonym(s)
Amygdalus communis L.
Prunus amygdalus Batsch
Prunus communis (L.) Arcang.
Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D. A. Webb var. amara (DC.) Buchheim
No images
Reference(s)
  1. Aldén, B., S. Ryman & M. Hjertson. Våra kulturväxters namn - ursprung och användning. Formas, Stockholm (Handbook on Swedish cultivated and utility plants, their names and origin). 2009 Note:
    • based on Alden, B. & S. Ryman. 2005-: SKUD (Swedish Utility and Cultivated Plants Database)
    • http://www.skud.info
  2. Ali, S. I. & S. M. H. Jafri, eds. Flora of Libya. 1976- Note: = Amygdalus communis L.
  3. Aradhya, M. K. et al. 2004. Molecular characterization of variability and relationships among seven cultivated and selected wild species of Prunus L. using amplified fragment length polymorphism. Sci. Hort. 103:131-144.
  4. Badenes, M. L. & D. E. Parfitt. 1995. Phylogenetic relationships of cultivated Prunus species from analysis of chloroplast DNA. Theor. Appl. Genet. 90:1035-1041. http://link.springer.com/journal/volumesAndIssues/122
  5. Bortiri, E. et al. 2001. Phylogeny and systematics of Prunus (Rosaceae) as determined by sequence analysis of ITS and the chloroplast trnL-trnF spacer DNA. Syst. Bot. 26:797-807. www.aspt.net/systematic-botany
  6. Bortiri, E. et al. 2006. Phylogenetic analysis of morphology in Prunus reveals extensive homoplasy. Pl. Syst. Evol. 259:53-71. http://link.springer.com/journal/volumesAndIssues/606
  7. Browicz, K. & D. Zohary. 1996. The genus Amygdalus L. (Rosaceae): species relationships, distribution and evolution under domestication. Genet. Resources Crop Evol. 43:233. Note: = Amygdalus communis L.
  8. Chin, S.-W. et al. 2014. Diversification of almonds, peaches, plums and cherries - Molecular systematics and biogeographic history of Prunus (Rosaceae). Molec. Phylogenet. Evol. 76:34-48. Note: = Prunus amygdalus
  9. Chinese Academy of Sciences. Flora reipublicae popularis sinicae. 1959- Note: = Amygdalus communis L.
  10. Craker, L. E. & J. E. Simon, eds. Herbs, spices, and medicinal plants, 2 vols. 1986-1987 Note: = P. dulcis var. dulcis
  11. Davis, P. H., ed. Flora of Turkey and the east Aegean islands. 1965-1988 Note: = Amygdalus communis L.
  12. Demilly, D. et al. Liste alphabétique des principales espèces de plantes cultivées et de mauvaises herbes. Noms latins et noms français, ed. 6. 1996 Note: GEVES-SNES, Beaucouzé, France
  13. Duke, J. A. et al. CRC Handbook of medicinal herbs. 2002
  14. Duke, J. A. Handbook of Nuts. CRC Press. 1989
  15. Encke, F. et al. Zander: Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen, 14. Auflage. 1993 Note: = P. dulcis var. amara
  16. Erhardt, W. et al. Zander: Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen, 17. Auflage. 2002
  17. Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource). http://www.emplantbase.org/home.html
  18. Facciola, S. Cornucopia, a source book of edible plants. 1990 Note: = Amygdalus communis L.
  19. Gradziel, T. M. & P. Martínez-Gómez. 2013. Chapter 4. Almond breeding. Pl. Breed. Rev. 37:207-255.
  20. Gradziel, T. M. 2009. Almond (Prunus dulcis) breeding. Breeding plantation tree crops: temperate species. 2009 1-31. Note: hybrids with Prunus persica used as graft stock
  21. Groth, D. 2005. pers. comm. Note: re. Brazilian common names
  22. Hanelt, P., ed. Mansfeld's encyclopedia of agricultural and horticultural crops. Volumes 1-6. 2001 http://mansfeld.ipk-gatersleben.de/pls/htmldb_pgrc/f?p=185:3:2422827336895397#
  23. Huxley, A., ed. The new Royal Horticultural Society dictionary of gardening. 1992
  24. Kester, D. E. et al. 1991. Almonds (Prunus). Acta Hort. 290:701-760. Note: as Prunus communis
  25. Krüssmann, G. Manual of cultivated broad-leaved trees and shrubs (English translation of Handbuch der Laubgehölze. 1976). 1984
  26. Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium. Hortus third. 1976
  27. Markle, G. M. et al., eds. Food and feed crops of the United States, ed. 2. 1998
  28. Martínez-Gómez, P. et al. 2003. New approaches to Prunus tree crop breeding. J. Food Agric. Environm. 1:52-63. Note: mentions interspecific crosses between Prunus dulcis and P. persica for almond graft stock breeding
  29. McGuffin, M., J. T. Kartesz, A. Y. Leung, & A. O. Tucker. Herbs of commerce, ed. 2. 2000 Note: American Herbal Products Association, Silver Spring, MD
  30. Meikle, R. D. Flora of Cyprus. 1977-1985
  31. Mowrey, B. D. & D. J. Werner. 1990. Phylogenetic relationships among species of Prunus as inferred by isozyme markers. Theor. Appl. Genet. 80:129-133. http://link.springer.com/journal/volumesAndIssues/122
  32. Ortega-Sada, J. L. Flora de interes apicola y polinizacion de cultivos. 1987
  33. Porcher, M. H. et al. Searchable World Wide Web Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database (MMPND) (on-line resource). http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Frontpage.html
  34. Rehm, S. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants. 1994
  35. Rosengarten, F. The book of edible nuts. 1984
  36. Sorkheh, K. et al. 2009. Phenotypic diversity within native Iranian almond (Prunus spp.) species and their breeding potential. Genet. Resources Crop Evol. 56:947-961. Note: this study evaluated nine samples of this species recognized as Prunus communis
  37. Townsend, C. C. & E. Guest. Flora of Iraq. 1966- Note: = P. amygdalus (L.) Batsch
  38. Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. Flora europaea. 1964-1980
  39. Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. Flora of China (English edition). 1994- Note: = Amygdalus communis L.
  40. Yazbek, M. & S.-H. Oh. 2013. Peaches and almonds: phylogeny of Prunus subg. Amygdalus (Rosaceae) based on DNA sequences and morphology. Pl. Syst. Evol. 299:1403-1418. http://link.springer.com/journal/volumesAndIssues/606
  41. Zeinalabedini, M. et al. 2010. The origin and dissemination of the cultivated almond as determined by nuclear and chloroplast SSR marker analysis. Sci. Hort. 120:593-601.
Common names
English
almond –
bitter almond –
sweet almond –
French
amandier –
amandier commun –
German
Bittermandelbaum –
Knackmandel –
Mandel –
Mandelbaum –
Italian
mandorio –
Japanese Rōmaji
āmondo –
Portuguese
amendoeira –
Portuguese (Brazil)
amêndoa-amarga –
amêndoa-doce –
Spanish
almendro –
Swedish
bittermandel –
mandel –
Transcribed Chinese
bian tao –
Distribution
order_codeStatusContinentSubcontinentCountryStateNote
1NativeAsia-TemperateMiddle AsiaTurkmenistan  
1NativeAsia-TemperateMiddle AsiaUzbekistan  
1NativeAsia-TemperateWestern Asia******  
1NativeAsia-TemperateWestern AsiaJordan w.
1NativeAsia-TemperateWestern AsiaLebanon  
1NativeAsia-TemperateWestern AsiaTurkey s.
2Cultivated    cult. mainly in Mediterranean region, temperate Asia, N. & S. America, South Africa, & Australia
4NaturalizedAfricaMacaronesiaSpainCanary Islands 
4NaturalizedAfricaNorthern AfricaAlgeria  
4NaturalizedAfricaNorthern AfricaLibya  
4NaturalizedAfricaNorthern AfricaMorocco  
4NaturalizedAfricaNorthern AfricaTunisia  
4NaturalizedAsia-TemperateCaucasusArmenia  
4NaturalizedAsia-TemperateWestern AsiaCyprus  
4NaturalizedAsia-TemperateWestern AsiaIran  
4NaturalizedEuropeMiddle EuropeSwitzerland  
4NaturalizedEuropeSoutheastern EuropeBulgaria  
4NaturalizedEuropeSoutheastern EuropeCroatia  
4NaturalizedEuropeSoutheastern EuropeItaly incl. Sicily
4NaturalizedEuropeSoutheastern EuropeNorth Macedonia  
4NaturalizedEuropeSoutheastern EuropeSerbia  
4NaturalizedEuropeSouthwestern EuropeFranceCorsica 
4NaturalizedEuropeSouthwestern EuropePortugal  
4NaturalizedEuropeSouthwestern EuropeSpain incl. Baleares
Native
Asia-Temperate
  • MIDDLE ASIA: Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan
  • WESTERN ASIA: ******, Jordan (w.), Lebanon, Turkey (s.)
Cultivated (cult. mainly in Mediterranean region, temperate Asia, N. & S. America, South Africa, & Australia)
Naturalized
Africa
  • MACARONESIA: Spain [Canary Islands]
  • NORTHERN AFRICA: Algeria, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia
Asia-Temperate
  • CAUCASUS: Armenia
  • WESTERN ASIA: Cyprus, Iran
Europe
  • MIDDLE EUROPE: Switzerland
  • SOUTHEASTERN EUROPE: Bulgaria, Croatia, Italy (incl. Sicily), North Macedonia, Serbia
  • SOUTHWESTERN EUROPE: Spain (incl. Baleares), France [Corsica], Portugal
Economic Uses
Bee plants
Food additives
flavoring (fide Cornucopia, as Amygdalus communis ‘Amara’) –
Human food
nut (fide Krussmann) –
Materials
lipids (almond oil for pharmaceutical use fide Food Feed Crops US) –
Medicines
folklore (fide CRC MedHerbs ed2; Herbs Commerce ed2) –
Vertebrate poisons
mammals ("bitter almond" fide Kingsbury, as P. amygdalus ; Cooper & Johnson ed2, as Amygdalus communis) –


NGBT Plant Germplasm System Distribution Policy

Plant germplasm is distributed to scientists, educators, producers and other bona fide research and education entities from National genebank of Tunisia active collection sites. The NGBT Curator and/or Research Leader will, in accordance with current NPGS policies and procedures, determine the legitimacy of a request when necessary.

Distributions to fulfill requests for repatriation of subsamples of germplasm collections to a country or community of origin, especially following natural or man-made catastrophes, are considered a high priority.

Although distributions for research, education, and repatriation are of the highest priority, the NPGS also encourages various seed-saver organizations and public gardens to conduct germplasm conservation activities that engage many individuals and groups throughout the country. Elements of the NPGS cooperate with seed-saver organizations and public gardens and may store germplasm for and distribute germplasm to such organizations.

Distribution of germplasm from NPGS collections to fulfill requests from individuals seeking free germplasm strictly for home use is generally considered an inappropriate use of limited resources and conflicts with U.S. Government policy of not competing with commercial enterprises. Requestors can be asked, in an appropriate manner, to justify the use of specific NPGS germplasm instead of suitable commercially available germplasm.

Accessions listed in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) database as “not available” due to insufficient or low viability seed and/or scheduled for regeneration will generally not be available for distribution.

Other accessions are listed in GRIN as “not available” because they are not a part of the NPGS collection per se, but are conserved in NPGS genebanks to meet specific needs as described later in the section entitled “Categories of Germplasm Distributed and Availability.” In this category are certain accessions of improved germplasm that are only available from the owner/developer. Other accessions require that specific conditions be met by the requestor before distribution is possible.

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