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Taxon:  Xanthium spinosum L.



Summary
Genus:
Xanthium
Family:
Asteraceae (alt. Compositae)
Nomen number:
42071
Place of publication:
Sp. pl. 2:987. 1753
Verified:
03/25/2012 ARS Systematic Botanists.
Accessions:
2 (2  active, 0  available) in National Plant Germplasm System.  (Map it)
Other conspecific taxa
Autonyms (not in current use), synonyms and invalid designations
No images
Reference(s)
  1. Aldén, B., S. Ryman & M. Hjertson. Våra kulturväxters namn - ursprung och användning. Formas, Stockholm (Handbook on Swedish cultivated and utility plants, their names and origin). 2009 Note:
    • based on Alden, B. & S. Ryman. 2005-: SKUD (Swedish Utility and Cultivated Plants Database)
    • http://www.skud.info
  2. Allan, H. H. B. et al. Flora of New Zealand. 1961- http://floraseries.landcareresearch.co.nz/pages/index.aspx
  3. Bosser, J. M. et al., eds. Flores des Mascareignes. 1976-
  4. Brako, L. & J. L. Zarucchi. Catalogue of the flowering plants and gymnosperms of Peru. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 45. 1993 Note: = Acanthoxanthium spinosum (L.) Fourr.
  5. Cronquist, A. et al. Intermountain flora. 1972-
  6. Davis, P. H., ed. Flora of Turkey and the east Aegean islands. 1965-1988
  7. Erhardt, W. et al. Der große Zander: Enzyklopädie der Pflanzennamen. 2008
  8. Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource). http://www.emplantbase.org/home.html
  9. Everest, S. L. Poisonous plants of Australia. 1981 Note: poisonous
  10. FNA Editorial Committee. Flora of North America. 1993- http://floranorthamerica.org/
  11. Foreman, D. B. & N. G. Walsh. Flora of Victoria. 1993-
  12. Forzza, R. C. et al., coord. Lista de espécies da flora do Brasil (on-line resource). http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/2010/
  13. Germishuizen, G. & N. L. Meyer, eds. Plants of southern Africa: an annotated checklist. Strelitzia 14. 2003
  14. Gleason, H. A. & A. Cronquist. Manual of vascular plants of northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. 1963
  15. Groth, D. 2005. pers. comm. Note: re. Brazilian common names
  16. Hedberg, I. & S. Edwards. Flora of Ethiopia. 1989- (and Eritrea. 2000)
  17. Henderson, L. Alien weeds and invasive plants: a complete guide to declared weeds and invaders in South Africa. Plant Protection Research Institute, Handbook 12. 2001
  18. Henderson, M. et al. Declared weeds and alien invader plants in South Africa. Botanical Research Institute, bulletin 413. 1987
  19. Holm, L. et al. A geographical atlas of world weeds. 1979
  20. Huang, Q. Q. et al. 2009. Identifying the most noxious invasive plants in China: role of geographical origin, life form and means of introduction. Biodivers. & Conservation 18:305-316. http://www.springer.com/life+sciences/evolutionary+%26+developmental+biology/journal/10531
  21. Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource). http://www.hear.org/pier/index.html
  22. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Flora del Conosur. Catálogo de las plantas vasculares. 2008 http://www2.darwin.edu.ar/Proyectos/FloraArgentina/FA.asp
  23. Integrated Botanical Information System (IBIS). Australian plant common name database (on-line resource). http://www.anbg.gov.au/common.names/
  24. Iwatsuki, K. et al. Flora of Japan. 1993-
  25. Jørgensen, P. M. & S. León-Yánez, eds. Catalogue of the vascular plants of Ecuador. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 75. 1999
  26. Jorgensen, P. M., ed. Catálogo de las plantas vasculares de Bolivia (Catalogue of vascular plants of Bolivia) (on-line resource). http://www.tropicos.org/projectwebportal.aspx?pagename=Home&projectid=13
  27. Kellerman, T. S. et al. Plant poisonings and mycotoxicoses of livestock in Southern Africa. 1988 Note: poisonous
  28. Kingsbury, J. M. Poisonous plants of the United States and Canada. 1964 Note: poisonous
  29. Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. Flora SSSR. 1934-1964
  30. Krasnoborov, I. M., ed. Flora of Siberia (English translation). 2000-
  31. Löve, D. & P. Dansereau. 1959. Biosystematic studies on Xanthium: taxonomic appraisal and ecological status. Canad. J. Bot. 37:204.
  32. Lazarides, M. & B. Hince. CSIRO Handbook of Economic Plants of Australia. 1993
  33. McVaugh, R. Flora Novo-Galiciana. 1983-
  34. Pammel, L. H. Manual of poisonous plants. 1911 Note: poisonous
  35. Parsons, W. T. & E. G. Cuthbertson. Noxious weeds of Australia. 1992 Note: mentions
  36. Radford, A. E. et al., eds. Vascular flora of the southeastern United States. 1980-
  37. Rechinger, K. H., ed. Flora iranica. 1963-
  38. Rehm, S. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants. 1994
  39. Scoggan, H. J. The flora of Canada, 4 vol. 1978-1979
  40. Sell, P. & G. Murrell. Flora of Great Britain and Ireland. 1996-
  41. Sharma, B. D. et al., eds. Flora of India. 1993-
  42. Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. Flora europaea. 1964-1980
  43. Weber, E. Invasive plant species of the world: a reference guide to environmental weeds. 2003
  44. Wood, J. R. I. A handbook of the flora of Yemen. 1997
  45. Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. Flora of China (English edition). 1994- http://www.efloras.org/browse.aspx?flora_id=2
Common names
English
Bathurst-bur –
clotweed –
common cocklebur –
prickly burweed –
spiny cocklebur –
Afrikaans
boetebos –
French
lampourde épineuse –
German
dornige Spitzklette –
Portuguese (Brazil)
carrapicho-de-Santa-Helena –
Spanish
cachurrera menor –
pegotes –
Swedish
tistelgullfrö –
Distribution
order_codeStatusContinentSubcontinentCountryStateNote
1NativeSouthern AmericaBrazilBrazilRio Grande do Sul 
1NativeSouthern AmericaBrazilBrazilSanta Catarina 
1NativeSouthern AmericaSouthern South AmericaArgentina  
1NativeSouthern AmericaSouthern South AmericaChile  
1NativeSouthern AmericaSouthern South AmericaParaguay  
1NativeSouthern AmericaSouthern South AmericaUruguay  
1NativeSouthern AmericaWestern South AmericaBolivia  
1NativeSouthern AmericaWestern South AmericaEcuador  
1NativeSouthern AmericaWestern South AmericaPeru  
4NaturalizedAfricaMacaronesiaPortugalAzores 
4NaturalizedAfricaMacaronesiaSpainCanary Islands 
4NaturalizedAfricaNortheast Tropical AfricaEritrea  
4NaturalizedAfricaNortheast Tropical AfricaEthiopia  
4NaturalizedAfricaNorthern AfricaAlgeria  
4NaturalizedAfricaNorthern AfricaEgypt  
4NaturalizedAfricaNorthern AfricaLibya  
4NaturalizedAfricaSouth Tropical AfricaZimbabwe  
4NaturalizedAfricaSouthern AfricaBotswana  
4NaturalizedAfricaSouthern AfricaLesotho  
4NaturalizedAfricaSouthern AfricaSouth Africa  
4NaturalizedAfricaWestern Indian OceanMauritius  
4NaturalizedAfricaWestern Indian OceanReunion  
4NaturalizedAsia-TemperateArabian PeninsulaYemen  
4NaturalizedAsia-TemperateCaucasusArmenia  
4NaturalizedAsia-TemperateCaucasusAzerbaijan  
4NaturalizedAsia-TemperateCaucasusGeorgia  
4NaturalizedAsia-TemperateCaucasusRussian Federation-CiscaucasiaCiscaucasia 
4NaturalizedAsia-TemperateChinaChinaBeijing 
4NaturalizedAsia-TemperateChinaChinaHenan 
4NaturalizedAsia-TemperateEastern AsiaJapanHonshu 
4NaturalizedAsia-TemperateMiddle AsiaKazakhstan  
4NaturalizedAsia-TemperateMiddle AsiaKyrgyzstan  
4NaturalizedAsia-TemperateMiddle AsiaTajikistan  
4NaturalizedAsia-TemperateMiddle AsiaTurkmenistan  
4NaturalizedAsia-TemperateMiddle AsiaUzbekistan  
4NaturalizedAsia-TemperateRussian Far EastRussian FederationPrimorye 
4NaturalizedAsia-TemperateSiberiaRussian FederationAltay 
4NaturalizedAsia-TemperateSiberiaRussian FederationTyumens.
4NaturalizedAsia-TemperateWestern Asia******  
4NaturalizedAsia-TemperateWestern AsiaAfghanistan  
4NaturalizedAsia-TemperateWestern AsiaEgyptSinai 
4NaturalizedAsia-TemperateWestern AsiaIran  
4NaturalizedAsia-TemperateWestern AsiaJordan  
4NaturalizedAsia-TemperateWestern AsiaLebanon  
4NaturalizedAsia-TemperateWestern AsiaSyria  
4NaturalizedAsia-TemperateWestern AsiaTurkey  
4NaturalizedAsia-TropicalIndian SubcontinentIndia  
4NaturalizedAsia-TropicalMalesiaPapua New Guinea  
4NaturalizedAustralasiaAustraliaAustralia  
4NaturalizedAustralasiaNew ZealandNew Zealand  
4NaturalizedEuropeEast EuropeMoldova  
4NaturalizedEuropeEast EuropeRussian Federation-European partEuropean part 
4NaturalizedEuropeEast EuropeUkraine  
4NaturalizedEuropeMiddle EuropeAustria  
4NaturalizedEuropeMiddle EuropeHungary  
4NaturalizedEuropeMiddle EuropePoland  
4NaturalizedEuropeSoutheastern EuropeAlbania  
4NaturalizedEuropeSoutheastern EuropeBulgaria  
4NaturalizedEuropeSoutheastern EuropeItaly  
4NaturalizedEuropeSouthwestern EuropeFrance  
4NaturalizedEuropeSouthwestern EuropeSpain  
4NaturalizedNorthern America Mexico  
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaEastern CanadaCanadaNew Brunswick 
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaEastern CanadaCanadaOntario 
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaEastern CanadaCanadaQuebec 
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaNorth-Central U.S.A.United StatesIllinois 
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaNorth-Central U.S.A.United StatesIowa 
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaNorth-Central U.S.A.United StatesKansas 
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaNorth-Central U.S.A.United StatesMissouri 
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaNorth-Central U.S.A.United StatesNebraska 
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaNortheastern U.S.A.United StatesConnecticut 
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaNortheastern U.S.A.United StatesIndiana 
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaNortheastern U.S.A.United StatesMaine 
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaNortheastern U.S.A.United StatesMassachusetts 
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaNortheastern U.S.A.United StatesMichigan 
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaNortheastern U.S.A.United StatesNew Hampshire 
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaNortheastern U.S.A.United StatesNew Jersey 
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaNortheastern U.S.A.United StatesNew York 
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaNortheastern U.S.A.United StatesOhio 
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaNortheastern U.S.A.United StatesPennsylvania 
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaNortheastern U.S.A.United StatesRhode Island 
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaNortheastern U.S.A.United StatesWest Virginia 
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaNorthwestern U.S.A.United StatesColorado 
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaNorthwestern U.S.A.United StatesIdaho 
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaNorthwestern U.S.A.United StatesMontana 
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaNorthwestern U.S.A.United StatesOregon 
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaNorthwestern U.S.A.United StatesWashington 
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaSouth-Central U.S.A.United StatesNew Mexico 
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaSouth-Central U.S.A.United StatesTexas 
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaSoutheastern U.S.A.United StatesAlabama 
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaSoutheastern U.S.A.United StatesDelaware 
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaSoutheastern U.S.A.United StatesFlorida 
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaSoutheastern U.S.A.United StatesGeorgia 
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaSoutheastern U.S.A.United StatesKentucky 
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaSoutheastern U.S.A.United StatesMaryland 
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaSoutheastern U.S.A.United StatesMississippi 
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaSoutheastern U.S.A.United StatesNorth Carolina 
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaSoutheastern U.S.A.United StatesSouth Carolina 
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaSoutheastern U.S.A.United StatesTennessee 
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaSouthwestern U.S.A.United StatesArizona 
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaSouthwestern U.S.A.United StatesCalifornia 
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaSouthwestern U.S.A.United StatesNevada 
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaSouthwestern U.S.A.United StatesUtah 
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaWestern CanadaCanadaSaskatchewan 
6Other    exact native range in Americas obscure
Native
Southern America
  • BRAZIL: Brazil [Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina]
  • SOUTHERN SOUTH AMERICA: Argentina, Chile, Paraguay, Uruguay
  • WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA: Bolivia, Ecuador, Peru
Naturalized
Africa
  • MACARONESIA: Spain [Canary Islands], Portugal [Azores]
  • NORTHEAST TROPICAL AFRICA: Eritrea, Ethiopia
  • NORTHERN AFRICA: Algeria, Egypt, Libya
  • SOUTH TROPICAL AFRICA: Zimbabwe
  • SOUTHERN AFRICA: Botswana, Lesotho, South Africa
  • WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN: Mauritius, Reunion
Asia-Temperate
  • ARABIAN PENINSULA: Yemen
  • CAUCASUS: Russian Federation-Ciscaucasia [Ciscaucasia], Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia
  • CHINA: China [Henan, Beijing]
  • EASTERN ASIA: Japan [Honshu]
  • MIDDLE ASIA: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan
  • RUSSIAN FAR EAST: Russian Federation [Primorye]
  • SIBERIA: Russian Federation [Altay, Tyumen (s.)]
  • WESTERN ASIA: Afghanistan, Egypt [Sinai], Iran, ******, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey
Asia-Tropical
  • INDIAN SUBCONTINENT: India
  • MALESIA: Papua New Guinea
Australasia
  • AUSTRALIA: Australia
  • NEW ZEALAND: New Zealand
Europe
  • EAST EUROPE: Russian Federation-European part [European part], Moldova, Ukraine
  • MIDDLE EUROPE: Austria, Hungary, Poland
  • SOUTHEASTERN EUROPE: Albania, Bulgaria, Italy
  • SOUTHWESTERN EUROPE: Spain, France
Northern America
  • REGION: Mexico
  • EASTERN CANADA: Canada [New Brunswick, Ontario, Quebec]
  • NORTH-CENTRAL U.S.A.: United States [Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska]
  • NORTHEASTERN U.S.A.: United States [Connecticut, Indiana, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, West Virginia]
  • NORTHWESTERN U.S.A.: United States [Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Washington]
  • SOUTH-CENTRAL U.S.A.: United States [New Mexico, Texas]
  • SOUTHEASTERN U.S.A.: United States [Alabama, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee]
  • SOUTHWESTERN U.S.A.: United States [Arizona, California, Nevada, Utah]
  • WESTERN CANADA: Canada [Saskatchewan]
Other (exact native range in Americas obscure)
Economic Uses
Vertebrate poisons
Weed
potential seed contaminant (fide Interm Fl; Noxweed Aust; Invasive Pl Spec; Weeds SAfr 2001) –


NGBT Plant Germplasm System Distribution Policy

Plant germplasm is distributed to scientists, educators, producers and other bona fide research and education entities from National genebank of Tunisia active collection sites. The NGBT Curator and/or Research Leader will, in accordance with current NPGS policies and procedures, determine the legitimacy of a request when necessary.

Distributions to fulfill requests for repatriation of subsamples of germplasm collections to a country or community of origin, especially following natural or man-made catastrophes, are considered a high priority.

Although distributions for research, education, and repatriation are of the highest priority, the NPGS also encourages various seed-saver organizations and public gardens to conduct germplasm conservation activities that engage many individuals and groups throughout the country. Elements of the NPGS cooperate with seed-saver organizations and public gardens and may store germplasm for and distribute germplasm to such organizations.

Distribution of germplasm from NPGS collections to fulfill requests from individuals seeking free germplasm strictly for home use is generally considered an inappropriate use of limited resources and conflicts with U.S. Government policy of not competing with commercial enterprises. Requestors can be asked, in an appropriate manner, to justify the use of specific NPGS germplasm instead of suitable commercially available germplasm.

Accessions listed in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) database as “not available” due to insufficient or low viability seed and/or scheduled for regeneration will generally not be available for distribution.

Other accessions are listed in GRIN as “not available” because they are not a part of the NPGS collection per se, but are conserved in NPGS genebanks to meet specific needs as described later in the section entitled “Categories of Germplasm Distributed and Availability.” In this category are certain accessions of improved germplasm that are only available from the owner/developer. Other accessions require that specific conditions be met by the requestor before distribution is possible.

NPGS sites will not distribute germplasm internationally when they cannot comply with the importation or quarantine requirements of the recipient country unless the requestor can provide a valid waiver of such requirements.