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Taxon:  Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.



Summary
Genus:
Silybum
Family:
Asteraceae (alt. Compositae)
Subfamily:
Carduoideae
Tribe:
Cardueae
Subtribe:
Carduinae
Nomen number:
33952
Place of publication:
Fruct. sem. pl. 2:378. 1791
Verified:
09/30/1992 ARS Systematic Botanists.
Accessions:
102 (102  active, 0  available) in National Plant Germplasm System.  (Map it)
Other conspecific taxa
Autonyms (not in current use), synonyms and invalid designations
Basionym
Carduus marianus L.

No images
Reference(s)
  1. Aldén, B., S. Ryman & M. Hjertson. Våra kulturväxters namn - ursprung och användning. Formas, Stockholm (Handbook on Swedish cultivated and utility plants, their names and origin). 2009 Note:
    • based on Alden, B. & S. Ryman. 2005-: SKUD (Swedish Utility and Cultivated Plants Database)
    • http://www.skud.info
  2. Allan, H. H. B. et al. Flora of New Zealand. 1961- http://floraseries.landcareresearch.co.nz/pages/index.aspx
  3. Bisset, N. G., ed. Herbal drugs and phytopharmaceuticals. A handbook for practice on a scientific basis. 1994 Note: CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL (translation of German edition, by M. Wichtl, ed.)
  4. Boulos, L. Flora of Egypt. 1999-
  5. Brako, L. & J. L. Zarucchi. Catalogue of the flowering plants and gymnosperms of Peru. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 45. 1993
  6. Cooper, M. R. & A. W. Johnson. Poisonous plants and fungi in Britain: animal and human poisoning. 1998 Note: poisonous
  7. Correll, D. S. & M. C. Johnston. Manual of the vascular plants of Texas. 1970
  8. Davis, P. H., ed. Flora of Turkey and the east Aegean islands. 1965-1988
  9. Duke, J. A. et al. CRC Handbook of medicinal herbs. 2002
  10. Erhardt, W. et al. Der große Zander: Enzyklopädie der Pflanzennamen. 2008
  11. Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource). http://www.emplantbase.org/home.html
  12. Farnsworth, N. R. & D. D. Soejarto. Global importance of medicinal plants (unpublished draft manuscript rev. 23, 1988)
  13. FNA Editorial Committee. Flora of North America. 1993- http://floranorthamerica.org/
  14. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 2010. Ecocrop (on-line resource). Note: http://ecocrop.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropListDetails?code=&relation=beginsWith&name=Silybum+marianum&quantity=1
  15. Forzza, R. C. et al., coord. Lista de espécies da flora do Brasil (on-line resource). http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/2010/
  16. Germishuizen, G. & N. L. Meyer, eds. Plants of southern Africa: an annotated checklist. Strelitzia 14. 2003
  17. Gleason, H. A. & A. Cronquist. Manual of vascular plants of northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. 1963
  18. Hanelt, P., ed. Mansfeld's encyclopedia of agricultural and horticultural crops. Volumes 1-6. 2001 http://mansfeld.ipk-gatersleben.de/pls/htmldb_pgrc/f?p=185:3:2422827336895397#
  19. Hedberg, I. & S. Edwards. Flora of Ethiopia. 1989- (and Eritrea. 2000)
  20. Hnatiuk, R. J. Census of Australian vascular plants. Australian Flora and Fauna Series No. 11. 1990
  21. Holm, L. et al. A geographical atlas of world weeds. 1979
  22. Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource). http://www.hear.org/pier/index.html
  23. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Flora del Conosur. Catálogo de las plantas vasculares. 2008 http://www2.darwin.edu.ar/Proyectos/FloraArgentina/FA.asp
  24. Integrated Botanical Information System (IBIS). Australian plant common name database (on-line resource). http://www.anbg.gov.au/common.names/
  25. Jørgensen, P. M. & S. León-Yánez, eds. Catalogue of the vascular plants of Ecuador. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 75. 1999
  26. Kartesz, J. T. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. 1994
  27. Kingsbury, J. M. Poisonous plants of the United States and Canada. 1964 Note: poisonous
  28. Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. Flora SSSR. 1934-1964
  29. Krasnoborov, I. M., ed. Flora of Siberia (English translation). 2000-
  30. Lazarides, M. & B. Hince. CSIRO Handbook of Economic Plants of Australia. 1993
  31. Leung, A. Y. & S. Foster. Encyclopedia of common natural ingredients used in food, drugs, and cosmetics, ed. 2. 1996
  32. Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium. Hortus third. 1976
  33. McGuffin, M., J. T. Kartesz, A. Y. Leung, & A. O. Tucker. Herbs of commerce, ed. 2. 2000 Note: American Herbal Products Association, Silver Spring, MD
  34. Ortega-Sada, J. L. Flora de interes apicola y polinizacion de cultivos. 1987
  35. Parsons, W. T. & E. G. Cuthbertson. Noxious weeds of Australia. 1992 Note: Inkata Press, Melbourne
  36. Porcher, M. H. et al. Searchable World Wide Web Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database (MMPND) (on-line resource). http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Frontpage.html
  37. Radford, A. E. et al., eds. Vascular flora of the southeastern United States. 1980-
  38. Rechinger, K. H., ed. Flora iranica. 1963-
  39. Rehm, S. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants. 1994
  40. Scoggan, H. J. The flora of Canada, 4 vol. 1978-1979
  41. Seed Regulatory and Testing Division, Agricultural Marketing Service, U.S.D.A. State noxious-weed seed requirements recognized in the administration of the Federal Seed Act (updated annually). http://www.ams.usda.gov/AMSv1.0/getfile?dDocName=STELPRDC5090172
  42. Sharma, B. D. et al., eds. Flora of India. 1993-
  43. Stewart, R. An annotated catalogue of the vascular plants of West Pakistan and Kashmir. 1972
  44. Turrill, W. B. et al., eds. Flora of tropical East Africa. 1952-
  45. Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. Flora europaea. 1964-1980
  46. Vibrans, H., ed. Malezas de México (on-line resource). Note: http://www.conabio.gob.mx/malezasdemexico/asteraceae/silybum-marianum/fichas/pagina1.htm
  47. Weber, E. Invasive plant species of the world: a reference guide to environmental weeds. 2003
  48. Wiggins, I. L. Flora of Baja California. 1980
  49. Zohary, M. & N. Feinbrun-Dothan. Flora palaestina. 1966-
Common names
English
blessed milk thistle –
bull thistle –
gundagai thistle –
holy thistle –
lady's thistle –
milk thistle –
variegated artichoke –
variegated thistle –
Arabic
shawk el-gamal –
French
chardon argenté –
chardon Marie –
lait de Notre Dame –
silybe de Marie –
German
Mariendistel –
Portuguese
cardo-leiteiro –
Spanish
cardo de María –
cardo lechero –
cardo mariano –
Swedish
mariatistel –
Transliterated Russian
ostro-pestro –
rastoropša pjatnistaja –
Distribution
order_codeStatusContinentSubcontinentCountryStateNote
1NativeAfricaMacaronesiaPortugalMadeira Islands 
1NativeAfricaNorthern AfricaAlgeria  
1NativeAfricaNorthern AfricaEgypt  
1NativeAfricaNorthern AfricaLibya  
1NativeAfricaNorthern AfricaMorocco  
1NativeAfricaNorthern AfricaTunisia  
1NativeAsia-TemperateCaucasusArmenia  
1NativeAsia-TemperateCaucasusAzerbaijan  
1NativeAsia-TemperateCaucasusRussian Federation-CiscaucasiaCiscaucasia 
1NativeAsia-TemperateMiddle AsiaTajikistan  
1NativeAsia-TemperateMiddle AsiaTurkmenistan  
1NativeAsia-TemperateMiddle AsiaUzbekistan  
1NativeAsia-TemperateSiberiaRussian FederationKurgan 
1NativeAsia-TemperateWestern Asia******  
1NativeAsia-TemperateWestern AsiaAfghanistan  
1NativeAsia-TemperateWestern AsiaCyprus  
1NativeAsia-TemperateWestern AsiaEgyptSinai 
1NativeAsia-TemperateWestern AsiaIran  
1NativeAsia-TemperateWestern AsiaIraq  
1NativeAsia-TemperateWestern AsiaJordan  
1NativeAsia-TemperateWestern AsiaLebanon  
1NativeAsia-TemperateWestern AsiaSyria  
1NativeAsia-TemperateWestern AsiaTurkey  
1NativeAsia-TropicalIndian SubcontinentIndiaHimachal Pradesh 
1NativeAsia-TropicalIndian SubcontinentIndiaJammu and Kashmir 
1NativeAsia-TropicalIndian SubcontinentIndiaUttar Pradesh 
1NativeAsia-TropicalIndian SubcontinentPakistan  
1NativeEuropeSoutheastern EuropeAlbania  
1NativeEuropeSoutheastern EuropeBosnia and Herzegovina  
1NativeEuropeSoutheastern EuropeBulgaria  
1NativeEuropeSoutheastern EuropeCroatia  
1NativeEuropeSoutheastern EuropeGreece incl. Crete
1NativeEuropeSoutheastern EuropeItaly incl. Sardinia, Sicily
1NativeEuropeSoutheastern EuropeMontenegro  
1NativeEuropeSoutheastern EuropeNorth Macedonia  
1NativeEuropeSouthwestern EuropeFrance incl. Crosica
1NativeEuropeSouthwestern EuropePortugal  
1NativeEuropeSouthwestern EuropeSpain incl. Baleares
2Cultivated    also cult.
3AdventiveEuropeEast EuropeEstonia  
3AdventiveEuropeEast EuropeLatvia  
3AdventiveEuropeMiddle EuropeCzech Republic  
3AdventiveEuropeMiddle EuropeGermany  
3AdventiveEuropeMiddle EuropeNetherlands  
3AdventiveEuropeSoutheastern EuropeSerbia  
4NaturalizedAfricaEast Tropical AfricaKenya  
4NaturalizedAfricaMacaronesiaPortugalAzores 
4NaturalizedAfricaMacaronesiaSpainCanary Islands 
4NaturalizedAfricaNortheast Tropical AfricaEritrea  
4NaturalizedAfricaNortheast Tropical AfricaEthiopia  
4NaturalizedAfricaSouthern AfricaSouth AfricaEastern Cape 
4NaturalizedAfricaSouthern AfricaSouth AfricaGauteng 
4NaturalizedAustralasiaAustraliaAustralia  
4NaturalizedAustralasiaNew ZealandNew Zealand  
4NaturalizedEuropeEast EuropeBelarus  
4NaturalizedEuropeEast EuropeLithuania  
4NaturalizedEuropeEast EuropeMoldova  
4NaturalizedEuropeEast EuropeRussian Federation-European partEuropean part 
4NaturalizedEuropeEast EuropeUkraine incl. Krym
4NaturalizedEuropeMiddle EuropeAustria  
4NaturalizedEuropeMiddle EuropeBelgium  
4NaturalizedEuropeNorthern EuropeDenmark  
4NaturalizedEuropeNorthern EuropeIreland  
4NaturalizedEuropeNorthern EuropeNorway  
4NaturalizedEuropeNorthern EuropeSweden  
4NaturalizedEuropeNorthern EuropeUnited Kingdom  
4NaturalizedEuropeSoutheastern EuropeRomania  
4NaturalizedEuropeSoutheastern EuropeSlovenia  
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaEastern CanadaCanadaNew Brunswick 
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaEastern CanadaCanadaNova Scotia 
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaEastern CanadaCanadaOntario 
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaEastern CanadaCanadaQuebec 
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaNortheastern U.S.A.United StatesConnecticut 
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaNortheastern U.S.A.United StatesIndiana 
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaNortheastern U.S.A.United StatesMichigan 
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaNortheastern U.S.A.United StatesNew Hampshire 
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaNortheastern U.S.A.United StatesNew Jersey 
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaNortheastern U.S.A.United StatesNew York 
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaNortheastern U.S.A.United StatesOhio 
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaNortheastern U.S.A.United StatesPennsylvania 
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaNortheastern U.S.A.United StatesVermont 
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaNortheastern U.S.A.United StatesWest Virginia 
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaNorthern MexicoMexicoBaja Norte 
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaNorthwestern U.S.A.United StatesOregon 
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaNorthwestern U.S.A.United StatesWashington 
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaSouth-Central U.S.A.United StatesNew Mexico 
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaSouth-Central U.S.A.United StatesTexas 
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaSoutheastern U.S.A.United StatesAlabama 
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaSoutheastern U.S.A.United StatesArkansas 
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaSoutheastern U.S.A.United StatesLouisiana 
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaSoutheastern U.S.A.United StatesMississippi 
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaSoutheastern U.S.A.United StatesNorth Carolina 
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaSoutheastern U.S.A.United StatesTennessee 
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaSoutheastern U.S.A.United StatesVirginia 
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaSouthwestern U.S.A.United StatesArizona 
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaSouthwestern U.S.A.United StatesCalifornia 
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaSouthwestern U.S.A.United StatesNevada 
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaWestern CanadaCanadaAlberta 
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaWestern CanadaCanadaBritish Columbia 
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaWestern CanadaCanadaSaskatchewan 
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaBrazilBrazilParana 
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaBrazilBrazilRio Grande do Sul 
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaBrazilBrazilSanta Catarina 
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaSouthern South AmericaArgentina  
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaSouthern South AmericaChile  
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaSouthern South AmericaUruguay  
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaWestern South AmericaEcuador  
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaWestern South AmericaPeru  
Native
Africa
  • MACARONESIA: Portugal [Madeira Islands]
  • NORTHERN AFRICA: Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia
Asia-Temperate
  • CAUCASUS: Russian Federation-Ciscaucasia [Ciscaucasia], Armenia, Azerbaijan
  • MIDDLE ASIA: Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan
  • SIBERIA: Russian Federation [Kurgan]
  • WESTERN ASIA: Afghanistan, Cyprus, Egypt [Sinai], Iran, Iraq, ******, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey
Asia-Tropical
  • INDIAN SUBCONTINENT: India [Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh], Pakistan
Europe
  • SOUTHEASTERN EUROPE: Albania, Bulgaria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Greece (incl. Crete), Croatia, Italy (incl. Sardinia, Sicily), North Macedonia, Montenegro
  • SOUTHWESTERN EUROPE: Spain (incl. Baleares), France (incl. Crosica), Portugal
Cultivated (also cult.)
Adventive
Europe
  • EAST EUROPE: Estonia, Latvia
  • MIDDLE EUROPE: Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands
  • SOUTHEASTERN EUROPE: Serbia
Naturalized
Africa
  • EAST TROPICAL AFRICA: Kenya
  • MACARONESIA: Spain [Canary Islands], Portugal [Azores]
  • NORTHEAST TROPICAL AFRICA: Eritrea, Ethiopia
  • SOUTHERN AFRICA: South Africa [Eastern Cape, Gauteng]
Australasia
  • AUSTRALIA: Australia
  • NEW ZEALAND: New Zealand
Europe
  • EAST EUROPE: Russian Federation-European part [European part], Belarus, Lithuania, Moldova, Ukraine (incl. Krym)
  • MIDDLE EUROPE: Austria, Belgium
  • NORTHERN EUROPE: Denmark, United Kingdom, Ireland, Norway, Sweden
  • SOUTHEASTERN EUROPE: Romania, Slovenia
Northern America
  • EASTERN CANADA: Canada [New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Quebec]
  • NORTHEASTERN U.S.A.: United States [Connecticut, Indiana, Michigan, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Vermont, West Virginia]
  • NORTHERN MEXICO: Mexico [Baja Norte]
  • NORTHWESTERN U.S.A.: United States [Oregon, Washington]
  • SOUTH-CENTRAL U.S.A.: United States [New Mexico, Texas]
  • SOUTHEASTERN U.S.A.: United States [Alabama, Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia]
  • SOUTHWESTERN U.S.A.: United States [Arizona, California, Nevada]
  • WESTERN CANADA: Canada [Alberta, British Columbia, Saskatchewan]
Southern America
  • BRAZIL: Brazil [Parana, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina]
  • SOUTHERN SOUTH AMERICA: Argentina, Chile, Uruguay
  • WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA: Ecuador, Peru
Economic Uses
Bee plants
Food additives
flavoring (fide Ency CNatIn) –
Medicines
source of silymarin (fide Import Medicinal Pl; CRC MedHerbs ed2; Herbs Commerce ed2) –
Vertebrate poisons
mammals (fide Kingsbury; Cooper & Johnson ed2) –
Weed
potential seed contaminant (fide Econ Pl Aust; Invasive Pl Spec) –


NGBT Plant Germplasm System Distribution Policy

Plant germplasm is distributed to scientists, educators, producers and other bona fide research and education entities from National genebank of Tunisia active collection sites. The NGBT Curator and/or Research Leader will, in accordance with current NPGS policies and procedures, determine the legitimacy of a request when necessary.

Distributions to fulfill requests for repatriation of subsamples of germplasm collections to a country or community of origin, especially following natural or man-made catastrophes, are considered a high priority.

Although distributions for research, education, and repatriation are of the highest priority, the NPGS also encourages various seed-saver organizations and public gardens to conduct germplasm conservation activities that engage many individuals and groups throughout the country. Elements of the NPGS cooperate with seed-saver organizations and public gardens and may store germplasm for and distribute germplasm to such organizations.

Distribution of germplasm from NPGS collections to fulfill requests from individuals seeking free germplasm strictly for home use is generally considered an inappropriate use of limited resources and conflicts with U.S. Government policy of not competing with commercial enterprises. Requestors can be asked, in an appropriate manner, to justify the use of specific NPGS germplasm instead of suitable commercially available germplasm.

Accessions listed in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) database as “not available” due to insufficient or low viability seed and/or scheduled for regeneration will generally not be available for distribution.

Other accessions are listed in GRIN as “not available” because they are not a part of the NPGS collection per se, but are conserved in NPGS genebanks to meet specific needs as described later in the section entitled “Categories of Germplasm Distributed and Availability.” In this category are certain accessions of improved germplasm that are only available from the owner/developer. Other accessions require that specific conditions be met by the requestor before distribution is possible.

NPGS sites will not distribute germplasm internationally when they cannot comply with the importation or quarantine requirements of the recipient country unless the requestor can provide a valid waiver of such requirements.